References and notes

1

Varying numbers are reported. This estimate is from WFP (but dates from 2022). We could not find more recent estimates of the total number of children receiving school meals in Tanzania. https://www.schoolmealscoalitiondatabase.wfp.org/countrydetails/TZA/2022 but dates to 2022

2

This number represents only the additional cost (i.e. if you are already providing a school meal, what would it cost to provide the same meal using fortified maize and oil instead?). The number was an internal calculation based on three sources of data: (1) the composition of a school meal in Tanzania; (2) daily consumption averages; and (3) the cost per ton of fortifying maize and oil.

3

Elisaria, E., Caeyers, B., Nkuba, E., van der Erve, L., & Kuwawenaruwa, A. (2025). Thirty years of declining stunting in Tanzania: Trends and ongoing challenges. PLOS ONE, 20(7), e0327779

4

Costs vary widely across size of mills, and an average means the cost estimate becomes meaningless, therefore one specific representative segment is shown for each food vehicle. Tazania-specific calculations involving costs from interviews and local sources were gathered in 2025.

5

For maize flour, incremental variable cost of fortification given is for the segment of medium-scale mills (25-100 MT/day) in Tanzania. Included: additional staff, maintenance of fortification equipment, additional QA/QC, fees (taxes, border costs), premix. Experts and practitioners advised to exclude labor costs and energy costs. For labor differences, for example, existing staff are trained to incorporate new processes. 

6

Incremental variable cost of fortification is for large-scale oil  producers. Ongoing costs to fortify included: additional staff, maintenance of fortification equipment, additional QA/QC, fees (taxes, border costs), premix. Experts and practitioners advised to exclude labor costs and energy costs.

7

Compliance numbers are generally found in one-off studies with small sample sizes and without standardized methodologies. Almost all, however, focus on commodities sold in markets where packaged food is sold (i.e. not local rural markets or bulk markets). Maize compliance: XXX; Oil compliance: XXX; Wheat flour compliance: XXX; Salt compliance: XXX.

8

Team calculations

9

Interview, Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2026

10

Team calculations

11

Matched size of mills and extrapolated from Uganda costing: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38214039/

12

Interview, Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2026; confirmation from interview with GAIN

13

Interview, GAIN 2026

14

Team calculations

15

Interview, Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2026

16

Interview, Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2026

17

Interview, Tanzania Bureau of Standards, 2026